Congenital Syphilis (ICD-11: 1A60) - Complete Coding and Diagnostic Guide

1. Introduction

Congenital syphilis is a serious systemic infection that occurs when Treponema pallidum is transmitted from an infected pregnant woman to the fetus through the placenta during pregnancy. This condition represents one of the most devastating and completely preventable congenital infections, manifesting through a broad spectrum of abnormalities that can affect virtually all organ systems of the newborn.

The clinical importance of congenital syphilis transcends the individual scope, configuring itself as a sensitive marker of the quality of prenatal care and a critical indicator of public health. Despite the availability of effective diagnostic tests and simple, low-cost treatment during pregnancy, congenital syphilis remains a significant global health problem, affecting thousands of newborns annually worldwide.

The clinical manifestations of congenital syphilis range from subtle alterations detectable only by laboratory tests to severe malformations and fetal death. Classic characteristics include Hutchinson's teeth (permanent upper central incisors with central notching), saber shin, saddle nose, and a variety of mucocutaneous lesions present at birth or appearing in the first weeks of life.

Correct coding of congenital syphilis is fundamental for epidemiological monitoring, planning public health interventions, resource allocation, and evaluation of the effectiveness of prenatal screening programs. Appropriate use of the ICD-11 code 1A60 allows for precise case identification, facilitating the implementation of preventive measures and longitudinal follow-up of affected children.

2. Correct ICD-11 Code

Code: 1A60

Description: Congenital syphilis

Parent category: Syphilis (higher category without specific code)

Official definition: Congenital syphilis is defined as infection by Treponema pallidum acquired in utero and manifested by distinctive characteristics that include specific dental alterations (Hutchinson teeth), characteristic bone malformations, and active mucocutaneous syphilis present at birth or shortly after the neonatal period. Additionally, ocular and neurological alterations may be present as part of the clinical presentation.

Code 1A60 encompasses all forms of congenital syphilis, regardless of the timing of clinical presentation, from early neonatal manifestations to late sequelae that become evident only in childhood or adolescence. This code is applicable for both symptomatic cases and those identified through serological screening in asymptomatic newborns of mothers with untreated or inadequately treated syphilis during pregnancy.

The classification in ICD-11 recognizes congenital syphilis as a distinct entity from acquired forms of the disease, reflecting its unique clinical characteristics, specific transmission mechanism, and implications for clinical management and public health. The code enables precise identification of this preventable condition, facilitating the monitoring of programs for elimination of vertical transmission of syphilis.

3. When to Use This Code

Code 1A60 should be used in specific clinical situations where there is confirmed or highly suspected evidence of intrauterine transmission of Treponema pallidum. Below, we present detailed practical scenarios:

Scenario 1: Newborn with typical clinical manifestations A 15-day-old infant presents with bullous lesions on the palms of the hands and soles of the feet (syphilitic pemphigus), hepatosplenomegaly, jaundice, and bloody rhinitis ("syphilitic coryza"). The mother did not receive prenatal care and treponemal tests are reactive in both the mother and newborn, with the baby's non-treponemal titers four times higher than the maternal titers. Code 1A60 is appropriate, as there are characteristic clinical manifestations and laboratory confirmation.

Scenario 2: Asymptomatic neonate born to untreated mother with syphilis Apparently healthy newborn born to a pregnant woman diagnosed with syphilis during labor without prior treatment. The neonate presents with reactive treponemal tests, long bone radiography showing periostitis and osteochondritis, and cerebrospinal fluid alterations compatible with neurosyphilis. Even without evident cutaneous manifestations, code 1A60 is correct due to laboratory and radiological confirmation.

Scenario 3: Infant with late diagnosis A 3-month-old child with failure to thrive, persistent anemia, and scaly skin lesions. Investigation reveals reactive treponemal serology, mother with untreated syphilis identified retrospectively, and bone radiographs with characteristic alterations of congenital syphilis. Code 1A60 is applicable for early manifestations identified late.

Scenario 4: Child with late sequelae An 8-year-old patient presenting with saber shin, Clutton joints (bilateral knee arthritis), and documented history of untreated maternal syphilis during pregnancy. Treponemal tests remain reactive. Code 1A60 is used to document the late manifestations of congenital syphilis.

Scenario 5: Stillbirth with evidence of infection Fetal death after 20 weeks of gestation, with anatomopathological findings including placentitis, fetal hepatosplenomegaly, and identification of spirochetes in fetal tissues through histopathological or molecular methods. The mother presents with positive serology for syphilis. Code 1A60 documents congenital syphilis as the cause of fetal death.

Scenario 6: Inadequate maternal treatment Newborn born to a mother treated for syphilis only 3 weeks before delivery (inadequate treatment due to insufficient time for immunological response), presenting with elevated and persistent non-treponemal antibody titers. Even without immediate clinical manifestations, code 1A60 is appropriate for follow-up and preventive treatment.

4. When NOT to Use This Code

It is essential to distinguish situations where code 1A60 is not appropriate, avoiding coding errors that may compromise epidemiological data and clinical management:

Syphilis acquired in newborns or infants: If there is clear evidence of postnatal transmission (for example, through sexual abuse or contaminated blood transfusion), codes for acquired syphilis (1A61 for early syphilis) should be used, not 1A60.

Passive transfer of maternal antibodies: Newborns of mothers adequately treated for syphilis during pregnancy may present reactive treponemal tests due to passive transfer of maternal IgG antibodies, without fetal infection. If the baby's nontreponemal titers are equal to or lower than maternal titers, there is no clinical or radiological evidence of infection, and titers decline appropriately, code 1A60 should not be used.

Maternal serological scars: Pregnant women with a history of adequately treated syphilis in the past may maintain permanently reactive treponemal tests (serological scar), but with low or nonreactive nontreponemal titers. Their asymptomatic newborns with low nontreponemal antibody titers should not receive code 1A60 if there is no other evidence of congenital infection.

Other congenital infections with similar manifestations: Conditions such as congenital toxoplasmosis, congenital cytomegalovirus infection, congenital rubella, or congenital Zika virus infection may present with hepatosplenomegaly, skeletal alterations, or cutaneous manifestations. These require their own specific codes and should not be coded as 1A60 without laboratory confirmation of syphilis.

Congenital malformations of other etiologies: Skeletal or dental alterations from other genetic or environmental causes unrelated to syphilis should not be coded as 1A60, even if morphologically similar to syphilitic manifestations.

5. Step-by-Step Coding Process

Step 1: Assess diagnostic criteria

The diagnosis of congenital syphilis requires a systematic approach combining maternal history, clinical manifestations of the newborn, and laboratory confirmation:

Maternal history: Investigate in detail the maternal syphilis history, including timing of diagnosis, treatment performed (medication, dose, duration), serological response to treatment, and possibility of reinfection. Document whether prenatal care was adequate and whether appropriate serological screening was performed.

Neonatal clinical manifestations: Perform complete physical examination looking for characteristic signs including cutaneous lesions (pemphigus palmoplantaris, maculopapular rashes), bloody rhinitis, hepatosplenomegaly, jaundice, generalized lymphadenopathy, Parrot pseudoparalysis (pain with limb movement), and palpable skeletal alterations.

Essential laboratory tests: Perform treponemal tests (FTA-ABS, TPHA, or immunoenzymatic tests) and non-treponemal tests (VDRL or RPR) in both mother and newborn, comparing titers. Collect peripheral blood from the neonate, never umbilical cord blood which may be contaminated with maternal blood.

Complementary evaluations: Request radiographs of long bones looking for periostitis, osteochondritis, and osteomyelitis; cerebrospinal fluid analysis (cellularity, protein level, and VDRL); complete blood count; liver function tests; and chest radiograph if alba pneumonia is suspected.

Step 2: Verify specifiers

Congenital syphilis can be classified according to timing of presentation and severity:

Early congenital syphilis: Manifestations that appear in the first two years of life, usually in the first months. Includes active mucocutaneous lesions, visceral, skeletal, and hematological alterations. This form is more easily diagnosed due to evident clinical manifestations.

Late congenital syphilis: Manifestations that appear after two years of age, including permanent stigmata such as Hutchinson teeth, mulberry molars, saber shin, saddle nose, olympian forehead, short mandible, Clutton joints, interstitial keratitis, and sensorineural deafness (Hutchinson triad: teeth, keratitis, and deafness).

Severity: Document whether there is involvement of multiple systems, presence of neurosyphilis, severe anemia, thrombocytopenia, or other complications indicating severe disease. Severity influences clinical management, although it does not change the primary code 1A60.

Step 3: Differentiate from other codes

1A61 - Early syphilis: This code is used for acquired syphilis with less than two years of evolution at any age. The key difference is the transmission mechanism: while 1A60 refers to intrauterine transmission (vertical), 1A61 applies to horizontal transmission (sexual, blood-borne). In newborns and infants, use 1A60 for congenital transmission and 1A61 only if there is clear evidence of postnatal transmission.

1A62 - Late syphilis: Code for acquired syphilis with more than two years of evolution, including cardiovascular manifestations and syphilitic gummas. It differs from 1A60 by the mechanism of acquisition (postnatal versus intrauterine). Late manifestations of congenital syphilis (after 2 years of age) are still coded as 1A60, not 1A62.

1A63 - Latent syphilis, unspecified: Used for cases of positive serology without clinical manifestations and without the ability to determine whether the infection is recent or late. In pediatric context, if a newborn presents only reactive serology without manifestations and without the ability to determine whether there is true infection versus passive transfer of antibodies, there may be diagnostic uncertainty. However, if there is evidence of maternal transmission during pregnancy, 1A60 is more appropriate.

Step 4: Required documentation

Checklist of mandatory information:

Complete maternal prenatal history and syphilis screening
Results of maternal treponemal and non-treponemal tests (with dates and titers)
Detailed maternal treatment (medication, dose, date, duration)
Results of treponemal and non-treponemal tests of the newborn
Complete physical examination of the newborn documenting presence or absence of clinical signs
Results of long bone radiographs
Cerebrospinal fluid analysis (if performed)
Other relevant complementary tests
Therapeutic plan implemented
Clear justification for the diagnosis of congenital syphilis

How to register appropriately: Documentation should include a clear narrative explaining the diagnostic reasoning, correlating maternal and neonatal findings. Specify whether the case is confirmed (unequivocal clinical and/or laboratory manifestations) or presumed (based on epidemiological and laboratory criteria without clinical manifestations). Document all negative evaluations, as the absence of manifestations in certain systems is also relevant information.

6. Complete Practical Example

Clinical Case

Initial presentation: Male newborn, born via vaginal delivery at term (39 weeks), birth weight 2,650g (below the 10th percentile for gestational age), length 47cm, head circumference 33cm. Apgar score 7/9. Mother 24 years old, third pregnancy, attended only two prenatal consultations in the third trimester. During routine neonatal evaluation, significant hepatosplenomegaly was observed (liver palpable 4cm below the right costal margin, spleen palpable 3cm below the left costal margin), moderate jaundice, and bilateral bloody rhinorrhea. On skin examination, vesiculobullous lesions were identified on the palms and soles of the feet, with peripheral desquamation.

Evaluation performed: Investigation of maternal history revealed that the mother had been diagnosed with syphilis in the second trimester through a reactive rapid treponemal test at a health facility, but did not return for treatment until delivery. Maternal serology obtained at the time of delivery showed VDRL 1:64 and reactive FTA-ABS.

Newborn examinations: VDRL 1:256 (four times the maternal titer), reactive FTA-ABS IgG. Complete blood count revealed anemia (hemoglobin 10.2 g/dL), leukocytosis (18,000/mm³) and mild thrombocytopenia (120,000/mm³). Long bone radiographs demonstrated bilateral periostitis in tibias and femurs, with areas of osteochondritis in the metaphyses. Cerebrospinal fluid analysis showed pleocytosis (25 cells/mm³, predominantly lymphocytes), elevated protein (150 mg/dL) and reactive VDRL, confirming congenital neurosyphilis. Liver function revealed elevated transaminases (AST 180 U/L, ALT 145 U/L) and elevated direct bilirubin (4.2 mg/dL).

Diagnostic reasoning: The combination of clinical findings (intrauterine growth restriction, hepatosplenomegaly, characteristic skin lesions, bloody rhinitis), laboratory findings (newborn VDRL titer four times higher than maternal, anemia, thrombocytopenia, hepatic alterations), radiological findings (periostitis and osteochondritis) and cerebrospinal fluid findings (pleocytosis, hyperproteinemia, reactive VDRL) definitively establishes the diagnosis of early congenital syphilis with neurosyphilis. The maternal history of untreated syphilis during pregnancy confirms the mechanism of vertical transmission.

Coding justification: Code 1A60 is unequivocally appropriate, as all diagnostic criteria for congenital syphilis are present: intrauterine transmission confirmed by maternal history, typical clinical manifestations at birth, serological confirmation with elevated titers, and evidence of active infection in multiple systems including the central nervous system.

Step-by-Step Coding

Criteria analysis:

Confirmation of vertical transmission: Mother with untreated syphilis during pregnancy ✓
Characteristic clinical manifestations: Typical skin lesions, hepatosplenomegaly, rhinitis ✓
Laboratory confirmation: Newborn VDRL titers > 4x maternal titers ✓
Evidence of active infection: Radiological, hematological and cerebrospinal fluid alterations ✓
Exclusion of other causes: Evaluation rules out other congenital infections ✓

Code selected: 1A60 - Congenital syphilis

Complete justification: This case exemplifies symptomatic early congenital syphilis with multisystem involvement. The presence of mucocutaneous manifestations at birth, visceral, bone, hematological and neurological alterations, associated with unequivocal serological confirmation and compatible maternal history, makes the diagnosis definitive. Code 1A60 adequately captures this condition, allowing its appropriate recording for clinical, epidemiological and public health purposes.

Applicable complementary codes:

Code for neurosyphilis (specific manifestation within the spectrum of congenital syphilis)
Code for intrauterine growth restriction (if coding system allows multiple codes)
Codes for specific complications such as anemia or thrombocytopenia, if relevant for complete documentation

The treatment instituted consisted of intravenous crystalline penicillin G 50,000 IU/kg every 12 hours for 10 days, with scheduled clinical and serological follow-up to monitor therapeutic response.

7. Related Codes and Differentiation

Within the Same Category

1A61: Early syphilis

When to use vs. 1A60: Use 1A61 for cases of acquired syphilis (horizontal transmission) with less than two years of evolution since initial infection. In sexually active adults and adolescents, primary, secondary, and early latent syphilis are coded as 1A61. In contrast, 1A60 is exclusive for vertical transmission (mother to fetus during pregnancy).

Main difference: The transmission mechanism is the fundamental differentiator. In pediatric context, the distinction is critical: a newborn who acquired syphilis through the placenta receives 1A60, while a child who acquired syphilis through sexual abuse or other postnatal routes receives 1A61. The patient's age does not automatically determine the code; the timing and route of acquisition are determinant.

1A62: Late syphilis

When to use vs. 1A60: Code 1A62 applies to acquired syphilis with more than two years of evolution, including manifestations such as cardiovascular syphilis (syphilitic aortitis, aortic aneurysm), late neurosyphilis (tabes dorsalis, general paresis of the insane), and syphilitic gummas. These manifestations occur in adults who acquired syphilis years or decades before.

Main difference: Although congenital syphilis also presents late manifestations (after 2 years of age in the child), these continue to be coded as 1A60, not 1A62. The distinction is based on the origin of infection: congenital (1A60) versus acquired (1A62). A 30-year-old adult with sequelae of congenital syphilis diagnosed in childhood still receives code 1A60, not 1A62.

1A63: Latent syphilis, unspecified whether recent or late

When to use vs. 1A60: This code is used when there is serological evidence of syphilis (reactive treponemal tests) without present clinical manifestations, and it is not possible to determine whether the infection is recent (less than 2 years) or late (more than 2 years). It applies mainly to adults with incidental discovery of positive serology without known history.

Main difference: In cases of congenital syphilis, even when diagnosis is made late in an asymptomatic child through serological screening, code 1A60 is more appropriate if there is evidence of maternal transmission. Code 1A63 rarely applies to pediatric contexts when maternal history can be investigated. Documentation of the congenital origin of infection favors 1A60 over 1A63.

Differential Diagnoses

Other congenital infections of the TORCH complex: Toxoplasmosis, rubella, cytomegalovirus, and herpes simplex can present with hepatosplenomegaly, jaundice, neurological alterations, and similar skin lesions. Distinction requires specific serology for each agent, characteristic clinical findings (for example, chorioretinitis in toxoplasmosis, cataract in rubella), and compatible maternal history.

Neonatal sepsis: Bacterial infections such as sepsis from group B streptococcus or gram-negative organisms can cause hepatosplenomegaly, jaundice, and skin alterations. Positive blood cultures, elevated C-reactive protein, and absence of maternal serology for syphilis distinguish these conditions.

G6PD deficiency and other hemolytic anemias: Can cause neonatal jaundice and hepatosplenomegaly, but without characteristic skin lesions or bone alterations. Specific tests for hemolysis and negative serology for syphilis establish the differential diagnosis.

Congenital metabolic diseases: Galactosemia, tyrosinemia, and others can present with hepatomegaly and jaundice, but the pattern of manifestations and specific metabolic tests allow differentiation.

8. Differences with ICD-10

Equivalent ICD-10 code: A090 (Early symptomatic congenital syphilis) and A50 (Congenital syphilis - general category)

Main changes in ICD-11: ICD-10 presented more detailed subdivisions of congenital syphilis, with separate codes for early symptomatic congenital syphilis (A50.0), early latent (A50.1), late symptomatic (A50.3-A50.5), late latent (A50.6), and unspecified (A50.9). ICD-11 simplifies this structure with the single code 1A60 for congenital syphilis, with the possibility of additional specifiers as needed.

In ICD-10, there were specific codes for individual manifestations such as early congenital syphilitic osteochondropathy (A50.02), early congenital syphilitic laryngitis (A50.03), and various late manifestations such as Clutton's arthropathy (A50.51), interstitial keratitis (A50.31), among others. ICD-11 adopts a more unified approach, allowing documentation of specific manifestations through complementary codes when necessary.

Practical impact of these changes: Consolidation into a single code simplifies coding, reducing selection errors among multiple subcodes and facilitating epidemiological analyses. For epidemiological surveillance systems, the transition requires adaptation of protocols to ensure that information about specific manifestations and timing of presentation (early versus late) are captured through complementary fields or specifiers, not just by the primary code.

The change also better aligns with contemporary clinical practice, where congenital syphilis is frequently diagnosed through combined criteria (clinical, laboratory, radiological, and epidemiological) without necessarily initially classifying it as early or late. Healthcare professionals should be attentive to adequately document clinical details in free text, since the single code 1A60 captures less specificity than the multiple codes in ICD-10.

9. Frequently Asked Questions

How is congenital syphilis diagnosed?

The diagnosis of congenital syphilis is based on a combination of maternal, clinical, and laboratory criteria in the newborn. Initially, the maternal history of syphilis is investigated, including the timing of diagnosis, treatment received, and serological response. In the newborn, a detailed physical examination is performed to identify characteristic manifestations, and peripheral blood is collected for treponemal tests (FTA-ABS, TPHA) and non-treponemal tests (VDRL, RPR). Non-treponemal test titers in the baby that are four times higher than maternal titers indicate congenital infection. Long bone radiographs, cerebrospinal fluid analysis, complete blood count, and liver function tests complement the evaluation. The diagnosis can be definitive (unequivocal clinical manifestations and/or confirmatory laboratory tests) or presumed (based on epidemiological and serological criteria without evident clinical manifestations).

Is treatment available in public health systems?

Yes, treatment of congenital syphilis with penicillin is widely available in public health systems worldwide and is considered an essential medicine by the World Health Organization. Crystalline penicillin G or procaine penicillin are the treatments of choice, with well-established therapeutic regimens based on the presence or absence of neurosyphilis. For cases without neurosyphilis, benzathine penicillin G can be used in a single dose. Cases with neurosyphilis require intravenous crystalline penicillin G for 10 to 14 days. The universal availability of this effective and low-cost treatment makes congenital syphilis a completely preventable and treatable condition, although logistical distribution challenges may occur in some regions.

How long does treatment last?

The duration of treatment for congenital syphilis varies according to severity and the presence of neurosyphilis. For newborns with congenital syphilis without central nervous system involvement, treatment with benzathine penicillin G can be completed in a single dose. When neurosyphilis is confirmed or suspected, or severe clinical manifestations are present, treatment requires intravenous crystalline penicillin G every 12 hours (in neonates less than 7 days old) or every 8 hours (after 7 days of life) for 10 to 14 days. After initial treatment, prolonged clinical and serological follow-up is essential, with periodic reevaluations to confirm adequate decline in non-treponemal antibody titers, which may take months. Children treated for congenital syphilis require monitoring until non-treponemal tests become non-reactive or reach very low stable titers.

Can this code be used in medical certificates?

The use of code 1A60 in medical certificates should be carefully considered, respecting principles of confidentiality and necessity. For purposes of justifying school absences or the need for medical follow-up, it is generally sufficient and more appropriate to use general descriptive terms such as "congenital infection under treatment" or "medical condition requiring specialized follow-up," without specifying the diagnosis of congenital syphilis. In internal medical documents, hospital records, and communications between healthcare professionals, code 1A60 should be used appropriately for accurate documentation. For public health reports and mandatory notification, the specific code is essential. The decision regarding the level of detail in documents shared with patients or families should balance the need for information with privacy protection and prevention of stigmatization.

Do all children born to mothers with syphilis develop congenital syphilis?

No, not all children born to mothers with syphilis develop congenital syphilis. Vertical transmission depends on several factors, including the stage of maternal syphilis (higher risk with primary or secondary syphilis), timing of infection during pregnancy (earlier infections in pregnancy have a higher probability of transmission), and adequate maternal treatment. Pregnant women who receive appropriate treatment with penicillin during pregnancy, with sufficient time before delivery for adequate immune response (ideally at least 30 days before delivery), have significantly reduced transmission risk. However, even with adequate maternal treatment, complete evaluation of the newborn is recommended to exclude congenital infection, including detailed physical examination, serological tests, and clinical follow-up.

How to differentiate passively transferred maternal antibodies from true infection in the newborn?

The distinction between passive transfer of maternal IgG treponemal antibodies and true congenital infection is a common diagnostic challenge. Treponemal IgG antibodies cross the placenta and may remain detectable in the infant for up to 12-15 months, even without infection. Differentiation is based on multiple criteria: (1) Comparison of non-treponemal test titers - newborn titers four times higher than maternal titers suggest active infection; (2) Presence of characteristic clinical, radiological, or laboratory manifestations; (3) Detection of IgM specific to Treponema pallidum, although IgM tests have limited sensitivity; (4) Serological follow-up - in passive transfer, titers decline progressively and become non-reactive, whereas in true infection, titers remain stable or increase. The safest approach is to treat doubtful cases as presumed congenital syphilis and monitor the response carefully.

What are the long-term consequences of untreated congenital syphilis?

Untreated congenital syphilis can result in severe and disabling permanent sequelae. Late manifestations include skeletal alterations such as saber shin, olympian forehead, saddle nose, and short mandible. Characteristic dental alterations such as Hutchinson teeth (permanent upper central incisors with central notch and convergent) and mulberry molars are permanent. Ophthalmological complications include interstitial keratitis that can lead to corneal scarring and visual impairment. Sensorineural hearing loss may develop, often bilateral and progressive. Neurological developmental impairment, learning difficulties, and sequelae of neurosyphilis may occur. The classic Hutchinson triad (Hutchinson teeth, interstitial keratitis, and deafness) represents emblematic late manifestations. Beyond physical sequelae, there may be significant psychosocial impact. Early and adequate treatment prevents these complications, emphasizing the importance of timely diagnosis and intervention.

Can women who had syphilis treated before pregnancy have babies with congenital syphilis?

Women adequately treated for syphilis before conception, with documentation of appropriate serological response (significant decline or negativation of non-treponemal test titers), generally do not transmit syphilis to their babies. However, there are special situations to consider: (1) Reinfection - if the woman is reinfected during the current pregnancy, she may transmit the infection; (2) Inadequate previous treatment - if previous treatment was inadequate or there was no confirmation of cure, there may be risk; (3) Serological scar - women with permanently reactive treponemal tests but non-reactive non-treponemal tests or with low stable titers generally do not represent risk to the fetus. For these reasons, serological screening for syphilis is recommended at the beginning of pregnancy (ideally in the first trimester) and repeated in the third trimester for all pregnant women, regardless of previous history, allowing identification of reinfections or cases not adequately treated previously.

Conclusion: Appropriate coding of congenital syphilis using ICD-11 code 1A60 is fundamental for accurate clinical documentation, effective epidemiological surveillance, and planning of public health interventions. Clear understanding of diagnostic criteria, appropriate situations for use, and differentiation of similar conditions enables healthcare professionals to use this code correctly, contributing to global efforts to eliminate vertical transmission of syphilis. The recognition that congenital syphilis is a completely preventable condition through adequate prenatal screening and timely maternal treatment emphasizes the importance of robust health systems and universal access to quality care during pregnancy.

External References

This article was prepared based on reliable scientific sources:

🌍 WHO ICD-11 - Congenital syphilis
🔬 PubMed Research on Congenital syphilis
🌍 WHO Health Topics
📋 CDC - Centers for Disease Control
📊 Clinical Evidence: Congenital syphilis
📋 Ministry of Health - Brazil
📊 Cochrane Systematic Reviews

References verified on 2026-02-04

Congenital Syphilis

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