Sedative, hypnotic or anxiolytic-induced mood disorder

Essential (Required) Features:

• The presentation is characterized by mood symptoms (e.g., depressed or elevated mood, decreased engagement in pleasurable activities, increased or decreased energy levels) that develop during or soon after intoxication with or withdrawal from sedatives, hypnotics or anxiolytics.
• The intensity or duration of the mood symptoms is substantially in excess of mood symptoms that are characteristic of Sedative, Hypnotic or Anxiolytic Intoxication or Sedative, Hypnotic or Anxiolytic Withdrawal.
• The symptoms are not better accounted for by another mental disorder such as a Depressive Disorder, a Bipolar Disorder, or Schizophrenia or Other Primary Psychotic Disorder. Evidence supporting a diagnosis of another mental disorder would include mood symptoms preceding the onset of sedative, hypnotic or anxiolytic use, the symptoms persisting for a substantial period of time after cessation of sedative, hypnotic or anxiolytic use or withdrawal (e.g., 1 month or more), or other evidence of a pre-existing mental disorder with mood symptoms (e.g., a history of prior episodes not associated with sedative, hypnotic or anxiolytic use).
• The symptoms are not a manifestation of another medical condition.
• The symptoms cause significant distress or significant impairment in personal, family, social, educational, occupational or other important areas of functioning.

When making a diagnosis of Sedative, Hypnotic or Anxiolytic-Induced Mood Disorder, an additional diagnosis indicating the related pattern of sedative, hypnotic or anxiolytic use should also be assigned. These include Episode of Harmful Use of Sedatives, Hypnotics or Anxiolytics, Harmful Pattern of Use of Sedatives, Hypnotics or Anxiolytics, and Sedative, Hypnotic or Anxiolytic Dependence. A diagnosis of Sedative, Hypnotic or Anxiolytic Intoxication or Sedative, Hypnotic or Anxiolytic Withdrawal may also be assigned if applicable.

Specifiers for sedative, hypnotic or anxiolytic-induced mood symptoms:

An additional specifier can be added to denote the presence of either depressive symptoms in the absence of manic symptoms, manic symptoms in the absence of depressive symptoms, or mixed manic and depressive symptoms.

6C44.700 Sedative, Hypnotic or Anxiolytic-Induced Mood Disorder with depressive symptoms

• All diagnostic requirements for Sedative, Hypnotic or Anxiolytic-Induced Mood Disorder are met.
• The presentation is characterized by depressive symptoms judged to be the direct consequence of the use of or withdrawal from a specified substance or medication.
• Manic symptoms are not present.

6C44.701 Sedative, Hypnotic or Anxiolytic -Induced Mood Disorder with manic symptoms

• All diagnostic requirements for Sedative, Hypnotic or Anxiolytic -Induced Mood Disorder are met.
• The presentation is characterized by manic symptoms judged to be the direct consequence of the use of or withdrawal from a specified substance or medication.
• Depressive symptoms are not present.

6C44.702 Sedative, Hypnotic or Anxiolytic -Induced Mood Disorder with mixed depressive and manic symptoms

• All diagnostic requirements for Sedative, Hypnotic or Anxiolytic -Induced Mood Disorder are met.
• The presentation is characterized by both depressive and manic symptoms judged to be the direct consequence of the use of or withdrawal from a specified substance or medication.

6C44.70Z Sedative, Hypnotic or Anxiolytic -Induced Mood Disorder, unspecified

Additional Clinical Features:

• Sedative, Hypnotic or Anxiolytic-Induced Mood Disorder may present with patterns of symptoms, depending on the specific substance used, that vary according to the characteristics of the user (e.g., genetics, metabolism, personality factors). Sedatives, Hypnotics or Anxiolytics use in higher amounts or over longer periods of time is more likely to be associated with the development of a Sedative, Hypnotic or Anxiolytic-Induced Mood Disorder.
• Symptoms of Sedative, Hypnotic or Anxiolytic-Induced Mood Disorder usually resolve or improve after sustained cessation of sedative, hypnotic or anxiolytic use.
• The duration of Substance Withdrawal for some substances can be protracted. For substances with more protracted withdrawal periods, the onset of symptoms of Substance-Induced Mood Disorder can occur up to several weeks after the cessation of substance use. Substance-Induced Mood Disorder symptoms related to substances with more protracted withdrawal periods may also last for correspondingly longer periods of time.
• In cases in which multiple psychoactive substance are used, it is often challenging to distinguish which substance is the cause of the Substance-Induced Mood Disorder. When the specific etiological substance cannot be determined, a diagnosis of Substance-Induced Mood Disorder Due to Multiple Specified Psychoactive Substances including Medications may assigned. In cases of multiple psychoactive substance use in which more than one specific substance can be identified as a cause of the Substance-Induced Mood Disorder, the corresponding specific Substance-Induced Mood Disorder diagnoses should be given instead.

Boundary with Normality (Threshold):

• Symptoms of Sedative, Hypnotic or Anxiolytic-Induced Mood Disorders should be differentiated from known side effects of psychoactive medication that are not significantly impairing or distressing and from transient physiological aftereffects of intoxication (‘hangover effect’). The duration or severity of the symptoms in Sedative, Hypnotic or Anxiolytic-Induced Mood Disorders must be in excess of side effects or ‘hangover effects’ of Sedatives, Hypnotics or Anxiolytics and result in significant distress or impairment of functioning.

Boundaries with Other Disorders and Conditions (Differential Diagnosis):

• Boundary with Sedative, Hypnotic or Anxiolytic Intoxication and Sedative, Hypnotic or Anxiolytic Withdrawal: Mental or behavioural symptoms that occur during Sedative, Hypnotic or Anxiolytic Intoxication or Sedative, Hypnotic or Anxiolytic Withdrawal should only be used as a basis for diagnosing a Sedative, Hypnotic or Anxiolytic-Induced Mood Disorder if the intensity or duration of the symptoms is substantially in excess of those that are characteristic of Sedative, Hypnotic or Anxiolytic Intoxication or Sedative, Hypnotic or Anxiolytic Withdrawal and the symptoms are sufficiently severe to warrant specific clinical attention.
• Boundary with Episode of Harmful Use of Sedatives, Hypnotics or Anxiolytics, Harmful Pattern of Use of Sedatives, Hypnotics or Anxiolytics, or Sedative, Hypnotic or Anxiolytic Dependence: The impact of repeated or continuous use of sedatives, hypnotics or anxiolytics characteristic of Harmful Pattern of Use of Sedatives, Hypnotics or Anxiolytics and Sedatives, Hypnotics or Anxiolytics Dependence may include Sedative, Hypnotic or Anxiolytic-Induced Mood Disorder. Sedative, Hypnotic or Anxiolytic-Induced Mood Disorders can also be associated with a single episode of sedative, hypnotic or anxiolytic use. In such cases, a Sedative, Hypnotic or Anxiolytic-Induced Mood Disorder should be diagnosed together with a primary diagnosis of Episode of Harmful Use of Sedatives, Hypnotics or Anxiolytics, Harmful Pattern of Use of Sedatives, Hypnotics or Anxiolytics, or Sedative, Hypnotic or Anxiolytic Dependence.
• Boundary with mental disorders not induced by sedatives, hypnotics or anxiolytics: Sedative, Hypnotic or Anxiolytic-Induced Mood Disorders are differentiated from mental disorders with similar features that are not induced by sedatives, hypnotics or anxiolytics on the basis of their onset, course and clinical features. A diagnosis of Sedative, Hypnotic or Anxiolytic-Induced Mood Disorder requires evidence from history, physical or mental examination, or laboratory findings of recent sedative, hypnotic or anxiolytic use, intoxication or withdrawal. Most Sedative, Hypnotic or Anxiolytic-Induced Mental Disorders resolve or improve within several weeks of cessation of sedative, hypnotic or anxiolytic use. Mental disorders not induced by sedatives, hypnotics or anxiolytics may precede the onset of sedative, hypnotic or anxiolytic use or may continue to be symptomatic during periods of sustained abstinence. The co-occurrence of sedative, hypnotic or anxiolytic use or withdrawal and onset of symptoms of mental disorders should not be taken as evidence for a presumptive diagnosis of a Sedative, Hypnotic or Anxiolytic-Induced Mood Disorder. Some people use substances to suppress symptoms of mental disorders (e.g., Schizophrenia and Other Primary Psychotic Disorders, Mood Disorders, Anxiety and Fear-Related Disorders, Personality Disorders) and full symptomatic presentations only emerge upon cessation or reduction in substance use. Furthermore, sedative, hypnotic or anxiolytic use can exacerbate symptoms or precipitate an episode of a pre-existing mental disorder. Finally, sedative, hypnotic or anxiolytic use may be associated with but not aetiologic for new onset of symptoms of a mental disorder. Although a diagnosis of a Sedative, Hypnotic or Anxiolytic-Induced Mood Disorder should not be assigned under these circumstances, an additional diagnosis of Episode of Harmful Use of Sedatives, Hypnotics or Anxiolytics, Harmful Pattern of Use of Sedatives, Hypnotics or Anxiolytics, or Sedative, Hypnotic or Anxiolytic Dependence may still be appropriate.