Harmful pattern of use of MDMA or related drugs, including MDA

Essential (Required) Features:

• A pattern of continuous, recurrent, or sporadic use of MDMA or related drugs that has caused clinically significant damage to a person’s physical health or mental health (e.g., MDMA or Related Drugs-Induced Mood Disorder), or has resulted in behaviour leading to harm to the health of others.
• Harm to health of the individual occurs due to one or more of the following: (1) behaviour related to intoxication; (2) direct or secondary toxic effects on body organs and systems; or (3) a harmful route of administration.
• Harm to health of others includes any form of physical harm, including trauma, or mental disorder that is directly attributable to behaviour related to substance intoxication on the part of the person to whom the diagnosis of Harmful Pattern of Use of MDMA or Related Drugs, including MDA applies.
• The pattern of MDMA or related drug use is evident over a period of at least 12 months if MDMA or related drug use is episodic or at least 1 month if use is continuous.
• Harm to health is not better accounted for by another medical condition or another mental disorder, including another Disorder Due to Substance Use (e.g., Substance Withdrawal).

Note: Harm to the health of the person to whom the diagnosis applies includes injuries caused by behaviour related to intoxication (e.g., impulsive aggressive behaviour, psychomotor impairment leading to injury; acute health problems resulting from substance use (e.g., overdose, acute gastritis, the effects of hypoxia or prolonged hyperactivity or inactivity), and exacerbation or decompensation of pre-existing chronic health problems (e.g., hypertension, liver disease, or peptic ulceration). Harm may also result from a harmful route of administration (e.g., injecting drug use causing blood-borne virus infections, cocaine use causing a perforated nasal septum). The relevant diagnostic codes from other chapters of the ICD-11, including the chapter on Injury, Poisoning or Certain Other Consequences of External Causes, should be used to describe the specific health consequences of the harmful substance use.

Harm to the health of others includes any form of physical harm, including trauma (e.g., impaired driving causing a motor vehicle accident, assaultive behaviour leading to bodily harm to another person) or mental disorder (e.g., Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder arising from an assault by the intoxicated individual) that is directly attributable to behaviour due to substance intoxication on the part of the person to whom the diagnosis of Harmful Pattern of Psychoactive Substance Use applies.

Course Specifiers:

A specifier is used to further describe the harmful pattern of substance use, using a fifth-digit code. The fourth-digit code indicates the substance class (i.e., C for MDMA or related drugs, including MDA).

6C4C.10 Harmful Pattern of Use of MDMA or Related Drugs, including MDA, episodic

This category is assigned when all the diagnostic requirements for Harmful Pattern of Use of MDMA or Related Drugs, including MDA are met and there is evidence of a pattern of recurrent episodic or intermittent use of MDMA or related drugs over a period of at least 12 months that has caused clinically significant harm to a person’s physical or mental health or has resulted in behaviour leading to harm to the health of others.

6C4C.11 Harmful Pattern of Use of MDMA or Related Drugs, including MDA, continuous

This category is assigned when all the diagnostic requirements for Harmful Pattern of Use of MDMA or Related Drugs, including MDA are met and there is evidence of a pattern of continuous MDMA or related drug use (daily or almost daily) over a period of at least 1 month that has caused clinically significant harm to a person’s physical or mental health or has resulted in behaviour leading to harm to the health of others.

6C4C.1Z Harmful Pattern of Use of MDMA or Related Drugs, including MDA, unspecified

Additional Clinical Features:

• There must be explicit evidence of harm to the individual’s physical or mental health, or of related behaviour due to MDMA or Related Drug Intoxication, including MDA that has led to harm to the physical or mental health of others. There must also be a clear causal relationship between the harm to health and the episodic or continuous use of MDMA or related drugs.
• The likelihood of harm to self or others due behaviour related to intoxication varies substantially by substance. For example, such behaviour is unlikely to arise from caffeine or nicotine intoxication.
• As more information becomes available about symptoms and behaviours related to the pattern of MDMA or related drug use as well as physiological features indicative of neuroadaptation to the substance, the diagnosis may be changed to MDMA or Related Drug Dependence, including MDA if diagnostic requirements are met.

Boundary with Normality (Threshold):

• The diagnosis of Harmful Pattern of Use of MDMA or Related Drugs, including MDA requires clinically significant harm to the individual’s physical or mental health or that of others. Examples of impact on physical or mental health that would not be considered clinically significant include mild hangovers, brief episodes of vomiting, or transient depressed mood.
• A pattern of MDMA or related drug use may cause a range of problems in functioning (e.g., missed appointments, arguments with loved ones) that are not sufficiently severe to constitute clinically significant harm to physical or mental health. Such problems are not a sufficient basis for a diagnosis of Harmful Pattern of Use of MDMA or Related Drugs, including MDA.

Developmental Presentations:

• Harmful Pattern of Use of MDMA or Related Drugs, including MDA is often a characteristic of late adolescence and young adulthood, and injuries and the consequences of aggressive behaviour are particularly common in this age group.
• Harmful Pattern of Use of MDMA or Related Drugs, including MDA in older adults may cause injuries and fractures due to the combination of lowered tolerance, psychomotor impairment induced by a substance, and disorders associated with ageing such as osteoporosis and Dementia.

Sex- and/or Gender-Related Features:

• The prevalence of Harmful Pattern of Use of MDMA or Related Drugs, including MDA is higher in males than females, but the gender differential is smaller in countries where women play a greater role in the workforce. Gender differences in injuries and other forms of harm due to substance use are recognized.

Boundaries with Other Disorders and Conditions (Differential Diagnosis):

• Boundary with Hazardous Use of MDMA or Related Drugs, including MDA: Hazardous Use of MDMA or Related Drugs, including MDA is classified in the chapter on ‘Factors Influencing Health Status or Contact with Health Services’ in the ICD-11 and not in the chapter on Mental, Behavioural, and Neurodevelopmental Disorders. Hazardous Use of MDMA or Related Drugs, including MDA appreciably increases the risk of harmful physical or mental health consequences to the user or to others to an extent that warrants attention and advice from health professionals, but has not resulted in specific identifiable harm and therefore does not meet the diagnostic requirements for Harmful Pattern of Use of MDMA or Related Drugs, including MDA.
• Boundary with Episode of Harmful Use of MDMA or Related Drugs, including MDA: If the harm to health is a result of a single episode of use rather than a pattern of substance use, whether episodic or continuous, a diagnosis of Episode of Harmful Use of MDMA or Related Drugs, including MDA should be assigned. MDMA or Related Drug use is generally considered to be following a pattern if there has been at least episodic or intermittent use over a period of at least 12 months. If harm is caused by use of MDMA or related drugs but no information is available about the pattern or history of MDMA or related drug use, a diagnosis of Episode of Harmful Use of MDMA or Related Drugs, including MDA may be assigned until such time as evidence for a pattern of use is ascertained.
• Boundary with MDMA or Related Drug Dependence, including MDA: In MDMA or Related Drug Dependence, including MDA, individuals use MDMA or related drugs persistently despite harm and adverse consequences. Harm caused by such use may be similar to that observed in Harmful Pattern of Use of MDMA or Related Drugs, including MDA. However, MDMA or Related Drug Dependence, including MDA also includes additional features of impaired ability to control use and increasing priority given to the substance use over other activities. Physiological features (e.g., tolerance) may also be present. If all diagnostic requirements for MDMA or Related Drug Dependence, including MDA are met, Harmful Pattern of Use of MDMA or Related Drugs, including MDA should not be assigned.
• Boundary with MDMA or Related Drug Intoxication, including MDA: MDMA or Related Drug Intoxication, including MDA is defined by MDMA or related drug use that results in clinically significantly, transient MDMA or related drug-specific symptoms. Recovery from MDMA or Related Drug Intoxication, including MDA is generally complete and absent of physical or mental sequelae. A pattern or repeated intoxication may or may not result in harm to a person’s physical or mental health or to the health of others. If there is continuing damage or harm as a result of repeated or continuous use of MDMA or related drugs, a diagnosis of Harmful Pattern of Use of MDMA or Related Drugs, including MDA may be assigned. If relevant at the time of the clinical encounter (e.g., in an emergency room), Harmful Pattern of Use of MDMA or Related Drugs, including MDA may be diagnosed with an associated diagnosis of MDMA or Related Drug Intoxication, including MDA.
• Boundary with MDMA or Related Drug Withdrawal, including MDA: MDMA or Related Drug Withdrawal, including MDA occurs upon cessation or reduction of a substance in the context of physiological dependence or when MDMA or related drugs have been taken for a prolonged period or in large amounts. Some features of MDMA or related drug withdrawal may include physical or mental harm (e.g., fatigue, hypersomnia or insomnia, depressed mood, anxiety). If the symptoms are entirely explained by the MDMA or Related Drug Withdrawal, including MDA, an additional diagnosis of Harmful Pattern of Use of MDMA or Related Drugs, including MDA is not warranted. However, if the symptoms substantially exceed the expected withdrawal syndrome in duration or type or severity and the diagnostic requirements for MDMA or Related Drug Dependence, including MDA are not met, Harmful Pattern of Use of MDMA or Related Drugs, including MDA can be assigned as the primary diagnosis, with an associated diagnosis of MDMA or Related Drug Withdrawal, including MDA.
• Boundary with MDMA or Related Drug-Induced Mental Disorders: If a MDMA or Related Drug-Induced Mental Disorder has occurred as a form of harm resulting from a pattern of MDMA or related drug use, both Harmful Pattern of Use of MDMA or Related Drugs, including MDA and the relevant MDMA or Related Drug-Induced Mental Disorder should be diagnosed (e.g., Harmful Pattern of MDMA or Related Drug, including MDA Use with MDMA or Related Drug-Induced Anxiety Disorder).
• Boundary with other mental disorders and other medical conditions: Numerous mental disorders as well as subthreshold symptoms may co-occur with episodic or continuous patterns of MDMA or related drug use. Similarly, continuous or episodic MDMA or related drug use increases the risk for mental disorders as well as other medical conditions. Co-occurring mental disorders and comorbid medical conditions should be diagnosed separately, along with a diagnosis of Harmful Pattern of Use of MDMA or Related Drugs, including MDA.